Table of Contents
Joint Type
Ball-and-socket
Movements
- Flexion / Extension
- Plane of Movement
- Sagittal
- Axis of Rotation
- Mediolateral (coronal) axis
- Axis Orientation
- Runs side‑to‑side
- Example Action
- Raising arm forward / lowering behind
- Abduction / Adduction
- Plane of Movement
- Frontal (coronal)
- Axis of Rotation
- Anteroposterior (sagittal) axis
- Axis Orientation
- Runs front‑to‑back
- Example Action
- Lifting arm out to side / lowering down
- Internal / External Rotation
- Plane of Movement
- Transverse (Horizontal)
- Axis of Rotation
- Longitudinal (vertical) axis
- Axis Orientation
- Runs top‑to‑bottom
- Example Action
- Rotating arm inward toward body / outward
- Horizontal Adduction / Abduction
- Plane of Movement
- Transverse (Horizontal)
- Axis of Rotation
- Longitudinal (vertical) axis
- Axis Orientation
- Runs top‑to‑bottom
- Example Action
- Moving arm across chest / back