📓Bony Landmarks

🤖 AI Generated

Head and Neck

• Cranium:
  • Frontal bone: Supraorbital ridge (brow ridge)
  • Parietal bones: Lateral and superior cranial curvature
  • Occipital bone: External occipital protuberance (inion)
• Zygomatic bone:
  • Zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
• Maxilla:
  • Infraorbital margin (under the eye socket)
• Mandible:
  • Mental protuberance (chin)
  • Angle of the mandible (jawline curve)
  • Mandibular ramus and condyle (side of jaw near the ear)
• Temporal bone:
  • Mastoid process (behind the ear)

Thorax (Chest)

• Sternum:
  • Jugular notch (top of the sternum)
  • Sternal body
  • Xiphoid process (bottom tip of the sternum)
• Ribs:
  • Costal arch/margin (lower edge of the rib cage)

Spine

• Vertebral column:
  • Cervical vertebrae (notably C7, the most prominent at the base of the neck)
  • Thoracic vertebrae: Spinous processes (visible as back bumps)
  • Lumbar vertebrae: Spinous processes (lower back bumps)
  • Sacrum: Sacral crest
  • Coccyx (tailbone)

Shoulder and Upper Limb

• Clavicle:
  • Sternal end (connects to sternum)
  • Acromial end (connects to scapula)
• Scapula:
  • Acromion (top of shoulder blade)
  • Coracoid process (small hook-like projection)
  • Medial border (inner edge of the scapula)
  • Inferior angle (lower tip of the scapula)
• Humerus:
  • Greater tubercle (shoulder bump near the deltoid)
  • Medial epicondyle (inner elbow)
  • Lateral epicondyle (outer elbow)
• Ulna:
  • Olecranon (elbow point)
  • Styloid process (distal end, near the wrist)
• Radius:
  • Radial head (near the elbow)
  • Styloid process (distal end, near the wrist)

Pelvis

• Ilium:
  • Iliac crest (hip crest)
  • Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
• Ischium:
  • Ischial tuberosities (“sitting bones”)
• Pubis:
  • Pubic symphysis (front joint of the pelvis)

Lower Limb

• Femur:
  • Greater trochanter (prominent lateral bump near the hip)
  • Lateral and medial condyles (lower end of femur near the knee)
• Patella (Kneecap):
  • Base and apex (top and bottom points)
• Tibia:
  • Tibial tuberosity (front bump below the kneecap)
  • Medial malleolus (inner ankle)
• Fibula:
  • Lateral malleolus (outer ankle)

Hands

• Carpals:
  • Palpable bony prominences (scaphoid and pisiform near the wrist)
• Metacarpals and Phalanges:
  • Knuckles (heads of metacarpals)

Feet

• Tarsals:
  • Calcaneus (heel bone)
  • Talus (top of the foot near the ankle)
• Metatarsals:
  • Heads (ball of the foot)
• Phalanges:
  • Toe joints